And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. Type Scene: Female Spiritual Initiative. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. Then Eli called Samuel, and said, . While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. WebSignificance. By contrast, characters in the Hebrew Bible are crafted primarily to serve the texts central ideological purposes. 78. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. David was young when Samuel found him. 27. After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. Steven L. Olsen received a bachelors from BYU and a masters degree and PhD from the University of Chicago. While paqad implies Gods continuing special favor of and care for Hannah in accordance with the priests final blessing, the verb does not usually have the strong covenant connotations of zakhor (remember).59. The present study illustrates the extent to which the authors, editors, and redactors of 1Samuel13 employed in a systematic and complementary manner a variety of literary conventions for a central ideological endshowing Gods commitment to preserve his ancient covenant with Israel, even at inopportune times and through obscure persons. This internal division in Israel is reflected in the person of Samuel, who stood with most Israelites on both sides of the question. In order to deliver on its analytical promise, this study must now demonstrate how the contents and literary conventions used to craft this brief narrative can be understood in terms of a unified interpretive whole. By contrast, on the night of Samuels divine call, Eli specifically and emphatically directs the lad on how to respond to the voice of the Lord, thus setting the expectation of a follow-up report to the priest. . Thus, the ambivalent and matter-of-fact introduction of the priests at Shiloh implies that while central to the story of Samuels beginnings, Eli and his sons will play roles that are marginal to or destructive of their high ritual status. And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. And he went and lay down. Contributing to the disjunctive role of genealogies in the biblical narrative, McCarter observes that the opening phrase, translated from the Hebrew as Now there was a certain man, signals the inauguration of an entirely new narrative.17, In addition, while modern readers may interpret the opening phrase as focusing the story on the man Elkanah, the narrative unfolds in such a way that Hannahs husband plays at best a supportive and largely contrasting role in the Samuel story. While I accept the perspective attributed to Gregory the Great, Scripture grows with its readers, cited by Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, I contend that the authors first corollary of this positionthe abandonment of the concern . Brought to the Temple at Shiloh as a young child to serve God in However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. put away thy wine from thee. For example, Alter (Art, 84) and Simon (Prophetic Narratives, 15) offer astute comments on eating and drinking in 1Samuel1. The parallel syntax and barrage of ands, far from being the reflex of a primitive language, are as artfully effective in furthering the ends of the narrative as any device one could find in a sophisticated modern novelist. Alter, Moses, xxviixxviii, emphasis in original. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. Structuring Devices: Conjunctions. While both messengers faithfully deliver their respective messages from the Lord, the man of God accomplishes hismission in total anonymity. All other crucial actions in the storythe emergence of Elkanah and Hannah into the epic Hebrew narrative from a position of complete obscurity, the miracles of Hannahs conception and Samuels birth, the rise of Samuel and the fall of the house of Eli, and the establishment of Samuel as prophet to all Israelare all orchestrated by God from offstage.. Samuel Adams Life Jan 1, 1736. He appears at first as being hostile to the monarchy and then as being favourable to it. 7. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. By the revelation of Yahweh, however, he anointed Saul king and installed him before all Israel (chapters 910). That they were young and active gave Samuel a base of power that was physical as well as moral. is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. On the occasion of their final interaction, Eli blesses Samuels parentsthe Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lordusing the same verbs, nathan (give) and shael (lend), which define Hannahs initial offering of Samuel to the Lord. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. WebSamuel Adams was Born in Massachusetts Bay Period: Sep 27, 1722 to Oct 2, 1803. bringeth low, and lifteth up (2:7) reinforces the contrast between the house of Eli, which is rejected by the Lord despite its long-standing and prominent ritual status in Israel, and the previously obscure house of Elkanah, which is blessed by God to effect a substantial, enduring, beneficial transformation among all Israel (2:2736; 3:1114, 1921). Polzin, Samuel, 19. This is his leadership of the sons of the prophets, a group of young men organized for ecstatic worship. He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. 1316, especially 13:5; 16:1620). . (3:110, 1921; 4:1a). The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies, trans. But the same phrase also is used to announce prophecy, and vision is a prophetic term: the whole episode concerns the transition from priestly to prophetic authority.64 In short, Alter implies that the man of God acts as an oracle in relation to the priest, since the priest himself has lost the traditional gift of oracle through abuse and neglect. If not, they encounter a host of temporal and spiritual difficulties, including imprisonment, overthrow, civil unrest, dynastic collapse, divine rejection, and physical debility. . 71. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. 68. But Hannah went not up; for she said unto her husband, I will not go up until the child is weaned, and then I will bring him, that he may appear before the Lord, and there abide for ever. McCarter, I Samuel, 6061 n.11, points out the poetic qualities of Hannahs prayer. Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the Lord, and also with men. Then they rose early in the morning and worshiped before the LORD, and returned and came to their house at Ramah. Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. Flashbacks of the to recover the authors intentions and to set them up as governing all interpretationsuffers from the logical fallacy of the excluded middle. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. Zakhor carries strong connotations of spiritual identity and covenant commitment, not simply cognitive awareness.30 Thus, when Hannah pleads to the Lord, remember me, and the narrator acknowledges that the Lord indeed remembered her, the resulting blessing of a man child becomes not only the sign of a divine covenant with an individual Hebrew woman but also a source of spiritual development and deliverance for all Israel.31. 61. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood The proposal of the elders of Israel to install a king was indignantly rejected by Samuel as infidelity to Yahweh, the God of Israel (chapter 8). Samuel is ever faithful to his consecrated responsibilities at Shiloh and eventually becomes one of Israels greatest spiritual leaders. On the one hand, Phinehas and Hophni are named as priests, in contrast with the next segment of the story, which specifically identifies Eli as the priest at Shiloh (see 1:9). Also before they burnt the fat, the priests servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). God is the main character in the narrative, even though he personally appears briefly only onceto call Samuel and give him his first prophecy. (Read More) Topics and verses are auto-generated from user searches. Despite the similarity of their messages, the text structures the two encounters inversely. And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the house of the Lord. 1 and 2 Samuel form one book in the ancient Hebrew manuscripts. Lenn J. Schramm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), 5172. WebBirth and Calling of the Prophet Samuel ' - 11 The present study focuses on several recurrent literary conventions that so thoroughly unite the biblical account of Samuels birth and divine calling that its craftsmanship aptly serves as a vehicle of its meaning. Characterization: Husband and Wife. 16. On the contrary, Alter reflects on the sophistication of this convention in the Hebrew Bible: Nowhere else in ancient literature have the quirkiness and unpredictability of individual character and the frictions and tensions of family life . Flashbacks of the 5. Berlin, Parallelism, 2; see also the extensive and insightful treatment of the use of repetition in Sternberg, Poetics, 365440), which range in scope from the lexical (correspondences between individual words and phrases) to the structural (correspondences between major segments of the text). Alter, Ancient Prophets, 241 n.2; Alter, Art, 8283. In the pro-monarchic account of the rise of Saul, Samuel is an obscure village seer (with distinct evidence of occult practices). By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. WebThe birth of Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah's prayers had been answered. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. Shes a mom! Type Scene: Barren Wife. In contrast with the introduction, which consists almost entirely of expository narrative, the second segment is filled almost entirely with dialogue.23. The account gives no hint as to his identity and background, nor to his other qualities, roles, or missions. Characterization: Prophet of God. And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought him unto the house of the Lord in Shiloh: and the child was young. One of many studies of this genre in the Hebrew Bible is Steven Weitzman, Song and Story in Biblical Narrative: The History of a Literary Convention in Ancient Israel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); see also Alter, Moses, 397 n.1. and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. Hannah gave Samuel to the priest, Eli, so he could be taught to serve the Lord. In the present context, the term defines the enduring relationship that Hannah now has with her man child and signals the special nature of their mother-child bond vis--vis the Lord.42. Like his first direct speech, Elkanahs second utterance is also directed at Hannah at a time when she interrupts his traditional ritual pattern. Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto. (2:110), Parallelism. And she said, O my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, Iam the woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the Lord. This story does not exhibit the same improbability. In the second story (chapter 15), Samuel is motivated by the failure of Saul to observe the ethic of the holy war. And the Lord visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare three sons and two daughters. While the abundant use of this tiny word in the Hebrew Bible may cause some readers to infer a lack of literary sophistication, Alter observes that biblical narrators used waw to great rhetorical effect: [Biblical] narratives were composed to be heard, not merely to be decoded by a readers eye. The Nephites had become wicked and would not listen. Leitwrter: know and lie with. continuing to nurture her firstborn throughout his youth, even though she sees him but once a year (2:1819). TDOT, 12:5060. The related curses, gada and karath, both translated as cut off, signal the Lords severing his long-standing covenant with Elis lineage (2:31, 33).70. Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. For example, Exodus 34; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1; Ezekiel 12. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. Samuels rise to prominence was anticipated and guided by the Lord, Samuel would be sustained by God in his challenging but crucial ministry, and. And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the Lord, and wept sore. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. and why is thy heart grieved? We dont know who wrote the books for certain. And Eli perceived that the Lord had called the child. 993 BC. During the indictment of Eli and his sons, the narrator sprinkles several asides on the lads prodigious service at the temple (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a) and concludes this narrative with the categorical declaration of Samuels remarkable long-term public ministry (3:194:1a). She fasts, she prays, she bears and nurtures, she sacrifices and gives thanks, she serves, and she remains faithful to her divine calling without any desire for personal position, recognition, or recompense.27 As a result, the narrative portrays Hannah as worthy of becoming the mother of one of Israels greatest prophets and of serving as a paragon of holiness in the Hebrew Bible. Infertility brought severe disgrace to a woman because in those days it meant she could not fulfill her God-given purpose of producing offspring for her family. She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. Birth Country: United States Gender: Male Best Known For: American Founding Father Samuel Adams helped organize the Boston Tea Party and signed the . Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. 1 Samuel 28:3-7. Corrections? As conservatives, they must have been torn between the threat to Israel posed by the Philistines and the promise that the new political system, alien to religious and national traditions, offered against this threat. The application of the anthropological concept of social drama to interpret literature, ritual, and other key cultural expressions is summarized in Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974), 2359. In a literary approach to scripture, sacred texts are seen as a complex, intentional creation by whose patterns and intricacies readers gain insights into the imaginative universe78 of the prophets, scribes, and other holy people who crafted them. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). Type Scene: Victory Song. Characterization. 57. Moreover his mother made him a little coat, and brought it to him from year to year, when she came up with her husband to offer the yearly sacrifice. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. Despite Hannahs concern for personal legitimacy, her familys status before the Lord is assured by Elkanahs annual devotionals at Shiloh and the resulting devotional lifestyle that is implied by his faithfulness to this ritual obligation. See McCarter, ISamuel, 72 n.5; see also Alter, Moses, 269 n.27; 307 n.5. Now there was a certain man of Ramathaim-zophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. By contrast, Samuels direct reception of the word of God qualifies him as an authentic prophet unto all Israel. In the Hebrew Bible, the calling of a prophet by God is often an essential portion of his recorded ministry.65. Thus, Alter observes, There is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the careers of biblical heroes that . And Elkanah knew Hannah his wife, and the LORD remembered her. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. and why eatest thou not? Certain words appear in the text in complementary or contrastive parallel throughout the Hebrew Bible in order to comment on the broader interpretive significance of the narrative. 1 Samuel 3:416; Genesis 22:1. According to the account, Elkanah loves Hannah, favors her with a worthy portion of the ceremonial offering, and is her partner in the conception of Samuel; nevertheless, he leads out in and is concerned with no other family roles than performing the annual ceremonial requirements of the Mosaic law and providing for the familys material support. . The Amalekites are destroyed by David and his men. WebSamuel was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, and he was born at Ramathaim-zophim in the hill country of Ephraim. Type Scene: Chosen Judge. Went to the College Harvard Children's Literature Timeline. Throughout her victory song, no phrase is independent of another: all combine into either couplets or triads, creating a complex and meaningful unity of the whole and distinguishing the song from the surrounding prose narrative.46, Structuring Devices: Narrative Bridge. While Alter focuses on human diversities within a general perspective of divine consistency, I emphasize the texts ideological consistency within the context of seemingly limitless social and political diversity. William F. Albright and David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1980), 6366. The antimonarchic account presents a different picture of the kingship and of Saul and Samuel. I thank Steven Walker, Richard Dilworth Rust, Rex Cooper, and Fred Woods for their helpful comments on prior drafts of this article. A base of power that was physical as well as moral then becomes a prophet what was significant about the birth and childhood of samuel is... They rose early in the morning and worshiped before the Lord took note of Hannah, and prayed unto Lord. Alter, Art, 8283 she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters sore. Observes, There is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the College Harvard 's... 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Israelites on both sides of the house of the rise of Saul and Samuel lay until the and! Continuing to nurture her firstborn throughout his youth, even though she sees him but a... Yearly sacrifice, and his men child according to her supplication, who becomes. Youth, even though she sees him but once a year ( 2:1819 ) essential. Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah 's prayers had been answered hostile the. Also directed at Hannah at a time when she interrupts his traditional ritual pattern handmaid for a daughter of:! Biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229 and wept sore by. Is recounted primarily as dialogue who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel ( chapters )..., I Samuel, who stood with most Israelites on both sides of the Lord, man! For the annual observance Bible, the text structures the two encounters inversely returned and came their! Favour both with the introduction, which consists almost entirely with dialogue.23 Amalekites! 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